smoking cessation + predictors success
The setback in an attempt to quit smoking is simply known as smoking relapse. Most relapses occur within days or weeks after the attempt initial drop. The appearance of relapse signifies that point prevalence quitting percentages are not the only outcome to be considered when determining the effect a smoking cessation intervention, as only patients who remain free of smoke actually benefiting from the change in behavior.
Indicators relapse after quitting smoking have been analyzed by numerous studies. Several of these factors have been identified: a lower dependence level, older age, fewer of cigarettes smoked per day, male gender, fewer years smoked more previous attempts to quit smoking, higher self-efficacy and marriage as indicators protection against smoking relapse. Studies show an increase in anxiety and depressed mood predict the occurrence of relapse. Furthermore, studies on drug treatment, such as nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion, have shown a positive impact in preventing relapses.
However, it is unclear whether gender influences the occurrence on relapse in smoking cessation. Although Borelli et al. (2001) found that female gender predicted higher rates of relapse within three months after an attempt to stop smoking and weight gain predicted relapse for men only, many other studies have shown otherwise. Garvey and Bliss (1992) did not find any predictors of relapse correlated with sex. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine the probable relationship between gender and smoking relapse. The concept of relapse has been incorporated into a series of cognitive behavioral models. One is Marlatt and model relapse prevention of Gordon (1985), which focus entirely on the description of the indicators of relapse, indicating that both factors open – situations high risk, coping skills, the results of expectations and self-efficacy) and determinants covert – lifestyle factors and urges the carvings. Other model is the transtheoretical model (Prochaska et al., 1997), which states that the recurrence and behavior change in relation to the stages of change. A person goes through various stages of the intention to reach a behavioral change. When you change the behavior, you get to the action stage, for example, to stop smoking. After the change of behavior has been achieved, the individual can keep the change in behavior or reverting to previous behavior (relapse).
A recent questionnaire survey in the Netherlands Netherlands investigated the influence of gender and the quality of relapse prevention action plans relapses dependence in smokers after of drug treatment strategy. Prediction of relapse was evaluated by intention, the use of minimal intervention pharmacies and base plans action. The specific action plans consisted of behavioral changes to quit smoking, such as quitting smoking immediately, removing all materials smoking at home, informing people about, actively seeking smoking help withdrawals and prospecting a reward in itself. It was found that the plans of action provided important protection against smoking relapse. Respondents were more likely to relapse if they had stopped more often in the past. Bupropion therapy during the attempt to stop predicting against relapse. The use of nicotine replacement therapy was not an important variable in predicting of relapses. Men and women did not differ in relapse rates, although the predictors of relapse in two different genera. Specifically in men, relapse was predicted by greater intention to quit at baseline. Women were more likely to relapse if the level of addiction is greater and a negative self-efficacy.
Drug health professionals to design dependence relapse prevention interventions should take into account the relevance of gender in the development of treatment programs. Special emphasis should target women with high levels of addiction and low self-efficacy. The use of action plans as a prophylaxis for relapse also be incorporated into drug treatment in order to improve treatment outcomes.
Michael Russell Your Independent guide to Addictions
